Isesengura ryimbitse ry’inzira yo gutwara ibicuruzwa mu mazi iva mu Bushinwa ijya muri Ositaraliya n’ibyambu bitanga umusaruro mwiza wo kwishyura imisoro ku rwego rwo hejuru
Ku batumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bashaka kohereza ibicuruzwa bivuye mu Bushinwa bijyaOsitaraliyaGusobanukirwa inzira yo gutwara imizigo mu mazi ni ingenzi mu gutuma habaho igenamigambi ry’ibikorwa by’ubwikorezi ku gihe, ku giciro gito, kandi rinoze. Nk’abakora mu gutwara imizigo b’inzobere, tuzatanga incamake irambuye y’inzira yose yo gutwara imizigo no kugaragaza imikorere myiza y’ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo ku byambu bitandukanye byo muri Ositaraliya kugira ngo bigufashe kunoza uruhererekane rwawe rw’ibicuruzwa.
Gusobanukirwa n'ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi
Imitwaro yo mu mazini bumwe mu buryo buhendutse bwo kohereza imizigo myinshi mu ntera ndende. Bukoresha amato atwara ibicuruzwa mu gutwara ibicuruzwa bitandukanye, kuva ku bikoresho fatizo kugeza ku bicuruzwa byarangiye. Ku batumiza ibicuruzwa muri Ositaraliya, kohereza ibicuruzwa bivuye mu Bushinwa birakunzwe cyane bitewe n'aho biherereye ndetse n'inzira nyinshi zo kohereza ibicuruzwa.
Ibyiza by'ingenzi byo gutwara imizigo mu mazi
1. Kugabanya ikiguzi: Imitwaro yo mu mazi muri rusange ihendutse kurusha iyo mu kirere, cyane cyane iyo itwara imizigo myinshi.
2. Ubushobozi: Amato y’amakontena ashobora gutwara imizigo myinshi, bigatuma aba meza ku batumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bafite ikibazo gikomeye cy’ibikoresho.
3. Ingaruka ku bidukikije: Imizigo yo mu nyanja ifite imyuka ihumanya ikirere mike ugereranije n’iyagutwara ibintu mu kirere.
Incamake y'inzira yo kohereza mu mazi mu Bushinwa no muri Ositaraliya
Intambwe ya 1: Kwitegura no Gutanga Reservation
- Gushyira mu byiciro ibicuruzwa: Kumenya kode ikwiye ya HS ku bicuruzwa byawe, kuko ibi bigira ingaruka ku misoro, imisoro, n'amategeko agenga ibicuruzwa bitumijwe mu gihugu.
- Hitamo incoterm: Sobanura neza inshingano (urugero, FOB, CIF, EXW) ku mutanga serivisi.
- Gutanga umwanya wo kohereza ibicuruzwa: Korana n'ushinzwe kohereza ibicuruzwa kugira ngo ubone aho kontineri (FCL cyangwa LCL) zishyirwa mu bwato buva ku byambu by'Ubushinwa yerekeza muri Ositaraliya. Mu bihe bisanzwe, emeza gahunda yo kohereza ibicuruzwa kandi ushyireho ikigo gishinzwe kohereza ibicuruzwa hamwe n'ushinzwe kohereza ibicuruzwa icyumweru kimwe kugeza kuri bibiri mbere; mu bihe by'ubushyuhe nko kuri Noheli, kuwa gatanu w'umukara, cyangwa mbere y'umwaka mushya w'Ubushinwa, teganya mbere y'igihe. Ku byoherezwa muri LCL (Least than Container Load), tanga ibicuruzwa mu bubiko bwabigenewe bw'ushinzwe kohereza ibicuruzwa; ku byoherezwa muri FCL (Full Container Load), uhagarariye kohereza ibicuruzwa azategura kohereza amakamyo ahabigenewe kugira ngo akoreshwe.
Intambwe ya 2: Gutanga uburenganzira ku misoro yo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa
- Umutanga ibicuruzwa cyangwa umuntu ubitumiza ni we ugenzura imenyekanisha ry’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga.
- Inyandiko zisabwa muri rusange zirimo:
- Inyemezabuguzi y'ubucuruzi
- Urutonde rw'ibipaki
- Inyandiko y'ubwikorezi
- Icyemezo cy'inkomoko (niba gikenewe)
- Icyemezo cyo gupfuka (Niba ibicuruzwa birimo ibipfunyika by'ibiti, gutunganya ifuru bigomba gukorwa mbere y'igihe, kandi hagategurwa ibyemezo bireba kugira ngo hirindwe inzitizi zo gusohora imisoro nyuma yabyo.)
- Ibicuruzwa bijyanwa ku cyambu cyo gupakira imizigo (urugero: Shanghai, Ningbo, Shenzhen).
Intambwe ya 3: Ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi n'ubwikorezi
- Ibyambu bikuru by'Ubushinwa: Shanghai, Ningbo, Shenzhen, Qingdao, Tianjin, Xiamen, n'ibindi.
- Ibyambu bikuru bya Ositaraliya: Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Fremantle, Adelaide.
- Igihe cyo gutwara abantu:
- Inkombe y'Iburasirazuba muri Ositaraliya (Sydney, Melbourne): iminsi 14 kugeza kuri 22
- Inkombe y'Iburengerazuba (Fremantle): iminsi 10 kugeza kuri 18
- Ubusanzwe amato anyura mu bice bikomeye byo gutwara abantu nka Singapuru cyangwa Port Klang.
Muri iki cyiciro, uko imizigo ihagaze bishobora gukurikiranwa mu buryo bufatika binyuze muri sisitemu yo gukurikirana imizigo y’ikigo cy’ubwikorezi.
Intambwe ya 4: Inyandiko mbere yo kugera n'ibisabwa muri Ositaraliya
- Itangazo rya Gasutamo rya Ositaraliya: Ritangwa binyuze muri Sisitemu Integrated Cargo System (ICS) mbere yo kuhagera.
- Ishami ry'Ubuhinzi, Amazi n'Ibidukikije (DAWE): Ibicuruzwa byinshi bisaba igenzura cyangwa kuvurwa niba nta mutekano w'ibinyabuzima bihari.
- Izindi mpapuro z'impamyabumenyi: Bitewe n'ibicuruzwa (urugero: amashanyarazi, ibikinisho), hashobora kuba hakenewe izindi mpapuro z'impamyabushobozi.
Intambwe ya 5: Imikorere y'ibyambu n'imisoro muri Ositaraliya
Iyo ibicuruzwa bigeze ku cyambu, byinjira mu nzira yo kwemererwa ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo. Umucuruzi w’imizigo cyangwa umuhuzabikorwa wa gasutamo azafasha mu kohereza inyandiko nka fagitire y’imizigo, inyemezabwishyu, n’icyemezo cyo gutwika ibicuruzwa muri gasutamo yo muri Ositaraliya. Hanyuma, imisoro ya gasutamo n’umusoro ku bicuruzwa na serivisi (GST) bigera kuri 10% bizishyurwa hakurikijwe ubwoko bw’ibicuruzwa. Bimwe mu bicuruzwa byemewe bishobora gukurwaho imisoro.
- Iyo bikuweho, amakontena ararekurwa kugira ngo atwarwe.
- Niba bikenewe ko igenzura rikorwa, hashobora gutinda no gusubizwa amafaranga y'inyongera.
Intambwe ya 6: Gutwara Abantu Kugera Aho Bagarukira
- Amakamyo yimurwa n'ikamyo cyangwa gari ya moshi ziva ku cyambu zijya mu bubiko bwawe, cyangwa ushobora gushyiraho amakamyo yo gutwara ibicuruzwa ku cyambu.
- Ibikoresho birimo ubusa bisubizwa mu bubiko bwabigenewe.
Isesengura ry'imikorere myiza y'imisoro ku byambu bya Ositaraliya
Icyambu cya Melbourne:
Ibyiza:Nk'icyambu kinini kandi gihuze cyane muri Ositaraliya, gitwara hafi 38% by'imodoka zitwara imizigo mu mazi, gifite inzira nyinshi zo gutwara imizigo n'ibikorwa remezo by'icyambu bigezweho. Ntabwo gifite gusa aho ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bishyirwa, ahubwo kinakoresha uburyo bugezweho bwo gufatanya mu gutwara imizigo, hamwe n'amatsinda y'inzobere mu gutwara imizigo mu gihugu, kugira ngo gikore neza ibicuruzwa bitandukanye, birimo imashini, ibice by'imodoka, n'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, bigatuma kiba icyambu gikunzwe cyane mu gutwara imizigo mu nganda.
Ibibi:Hari ubwo ibura ry'abakozi cyangwa gutinda bitewe n'ikirere.
Ibyiza kuri:Imitwaro rusange, inganda zitumizwa mu mahanga, ikwirakwizwa ry'ibicuruzwa mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Ositaraliya.
Icyambu cya Sydney (Ibimera bya Port):
Ibyiza:Nk'icyambu gikomeye cy’amazi menshi kandi kikaba ari cyo cyambu cya mbere mu bijyanye n'ubwinshi bw'imizigo muri Ositaraliya, inyungu zacyo zo kwishyura ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo ziri mu rwego rwo hejuru rwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga n'inzira zitandukanye zo kwishyura ibicuruzwa. Iki cyambu gihujwe na sisitemu yo kwishyura ibicuruzwa mbere y'uko ibicuruzwa bitangwa, bigatuma amakuru y'imizigo atangwa amasaha 72 mbere y'uko ibicuruzwa bitangwa binyuze muri sisitemu ya ICS, bigabanya igihe cyo gutegereza ibicuruzwa ku kigero cya 60%. Ku bintu by'umuntu bifite agaciro ka ≤ AUD 1000, hari uburyo bworoshye bwo kwishyura ibicuruzwa, aho gutunganya ibicuruzwa bikorwa mu minsi 1 kugeza kuri 3 y'akazi. Nyuma yo gutangaza ibicuruzwa, ibicuruzwa bisanzwe byemezwa n'ikoranabuhanga kandi bigasuzumwa mu buryo butunguranye, kandi ibicuruzwa bikorwa mu minsi 3 kugeza kuri 7 y'akazi. 85% by'imizigo isanzwe irekurwa mu minsi 5 y'akazi, bikurikije ibyo ibicuruzwa by'ubucuruzi bwo kuri interineti nk'ibicuruzwa n'ibikoresho byo mu nzu bikenewe vuba.
Ibibi:Ishobora kugira ubucucike, cyane cyane mu bihe by'umuvuduko mwinshi.
Ibyiza kuri:Ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga byinshi, ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa n'abantu benshi, imiyoboro y'ibicuruzwa ikomeje kuba mike.
Icyambu cya Brisbane:
Ibyiza:Nk'icyambu kinini cya konteyineri muri Queensland, ifite ahantu 29 ho gukorera kandi hafite ubushobozi bwo gupakira no gupakurura imizigo. Ifite kandi aho imodoka zikorera ubwoko butandukanye bw'imizigo, harimo imizigo myinshi n'imizigo igendanwa/igendanwa (Ro-Ro), ishobora gutwara ibicuruzwa nk'ibikoresho byo mu rugo, ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, n'ibikoresho by'ibikoresho. Uburyo bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa bukwiriye haba mu gutwara imizigo myinshi ndetse no muri rusange, ifite igihe gihamye cyo gutwara imizigo muri rusange n'igihe gito cyo kuyitwara, bigatuma ikwiriye ibicuruzwa bigenewe Queensland n'uturere tuyikikije.
Ibibi:Ubushobozi buke, bushobora kugira inzira nke zo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu buryo butaziguye.
Ibyiza kuri:Abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga muri Queensland no mu majyaruguru ya NSW.
Icyambu cya Fremantle (Perth):
Ibyiza:Gutwara ibicuruzwa mu buryo bwihuse, kugabanya umubyigano, no ku mizigo igana muri WA.
Ibibi:Igihe kirekire cyo gutwara abantu kiva mu Bushinwa, ingendo zo mu bwato buri cyumweru ziba nke.
Ibyiza kuri:Ibikoresho byo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga mu buhinzi, ubucuruzi bwibanda kuri leta ya Washington.
Adelaide n'abandi
Ibyambu bito bishobora kugira aho binyura buhoro bitewe n'uko abakozi badakunze gukoreshwa ndetse n'uburyo buke bwo guhuza ibintu.
Ishobora kuba nziza ku mizigo yihariye kandi ifite ibyago bike hamwe n'inyandiko zateguwe mbere.
Inama zo kwihutisha imisoro ku cyambu icyo ari cyo cyose
1. Ubuziranenge bw'inyandiko: Menya neza ko inyandiko zose zihuye neza.
2. Koresha Abahuza ba Gasutamo bemewe: Basobanukiwe amategeko ya Ositaraliya kandi bashobora gutanga inyandiko mbere y'igihe.
3. Kuzuza amabwiriza agenga umutekano w’ibinyabuzima: Fata neza ibiti, ibipfunyika, n’ibikoresho by’umwimerere.
4. Gutanga inyandiko mbere y'igihe: Tanga inyandiko hakiri kare bishoboka binyuze muri sisitemu ya ICS (Independent Customs Service).
5. Gutegura mbere y'igihe: Niba bishoboka, tegura ibicuruzwa mbere y'igihe mu bihe by'ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi uganire n'abatwara imizigo ndetse n'abashinzwe gukusanya ahantu habigenewe mbere y'igihe.
Senghor Logistics ifite uburambe bw'imyaka irenga 10 mu bijyanye n'ubwikorezi mpuzamahanga, kandi inzira yo kohereza ibicuruzwa kuva mu Bushinwa kugera muri Ositaraliya yakomeje kuba imwe mu nzira zacu z'ingenzi zo gutanga serivisi. Dufite uburambe bw'imyaka myinshi, twanakusanyije umubare munini w'abayoboke b'indahemuka.Abakiriya bo muri Ositaraliyakuva icyo gihe twatangiye gukorana natwe. Dutanga serivisi zo gutwara imizigo mu mazi kuva ku byambu bikomeye by’Ubushinwa kugera muri Ositaraliya, harimo no gusohora ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo no kubigeza ku nzu n’inzu, bigatuma inzira yo gutwara ibintu igenda neza kandi ihendutse.
Kugira ngo tumenye uburyo twagufasha mu byo ukeneye mu gutwara ibintu hanze, turagusaba ko wakwiga uburyo bwo kubikuza ibicuruzwa.Twandikireuyu munsi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 19-2025
