Isosiyete itwara imizigo cyangwa itwara imizigo: Itandukaniro ni irihe?
Niba urimo gukora ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, ushobora kuba warigeze guhura n'amagambo nka "umucuruzi w'imizigo", "umuyoboro w'ingufu" cyangwa "ikigo cy'ubwikorezi", na "indege". Nubwo yose agira uruhare mu kwimura ibicuruzwa ku mipaka, imikorere n'agaciro kayo ku batumiza ibicuruzwa bitandukanye cyane.
Isosiyete y'ubwikorezi cyangwa ikigo cy'indege ni iki?
Amasosiyete y’ubwikorezi cyangwa amasosiyete y’ubwikorezi (urugero, Maersk, MSC, CMA CGM) n’amasosiyete y’indege (urugero, FedEx, Lufthansa Cargo, cyangwa CA, CZ, MU mu Bushinwa) ni "abatwara ibicuruzwa". Batunze kandi bagakoresha imitungo ifatika - ubwato, indege, na kontineri - zitwara ibicuruzwa ku isi yose. Bagenzura mu buryo butaziguye inzira z’ubwikorezi n’aho ibicuruzwa bijyanwa, kandi inshingano zabo nyamukuru ni ugutanga umwanya wo gutwara imizigo hagati y’ibyambu cyangwa ibibuga by’indege.
Ibiranga by'ingenzi by'abatwara ibicuruzwa:
1. Ibande ku gutwara abantu ukoresheje ikoranabuhanga.
2. Kugurisha umwanya (urugero, aho kontineri ishyirwa cyangwa palati y'imizigo ikoreshwa mu kirere) ku batwara imizigo cyangwa ku batwara imizigo benshi.
3. Inshingano zirarangira iyo ibicuruzwa bipakiye/bipakuruwe ku byambu cyangwa ku bibuga by'indege.
4. Uretse ubwikorezi, amasosiyete y’ubwikorezi n’ibigo by’indege ntabwo bikora izindi gahunda, nko gutangaza imizigo, gutwara imizigo mu gihugu imbere (kuva mu ruganda kugera ku cyambu), no gutanga imisoro ku cyambu cy’aho ibicuruzwa bijya. Abatwara imizigo akenshi bagomba kubyikorera ubwabo cyangwa bakabishyira mu zindi nzego.
Isosiyete itwara imizigo ni iki?
Isosiyete itwara imizigo (nk'iyoIbikoresho bya Senghor!) akora nk' "umufatanyabikorwa wawe mu by'ibikoresho n'umuhuza". Ntabwo dufite amato cyangwa indege ahubwo dukoresha imikoranire n'ibigo byinshi by'indege kugira ngo dukore ibisubizo by'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera bihuye n'ibyo ukeneye. Ibigo bitwara imizigo bitanga serivisi yuzuye, ikubiyemo inzira yose yo kohereza ibicuruzwa, kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera.
Serivisi z'ingenzi zitanga serivisi zo gutwara imizigo:
1. Gutegura ibisubizo by'ibikoresho mu buryo bwinshi: Aho bihari, tugereranyaimizigo yo mu mazi, gutwara ibintu mu kirere, gutwara imizigo ya gari ya moshi, hamwe n'uburyo bwo gutwara abantu mu muhanda kugira ngo bongere ikiguzi, umuvuduko, n'ubwizerwe.
2. Inyandiko n'iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko: Dufasha ba nyir'imizigo mu gukusanya inyandiko z'imenyekanisha rya gasutamo (nk'inyemezabuguzi z'ubucuruzi n'igenzura ry'urutonde rw'ibipakiye), kuvugana n'abahuza ba gasutamo kugira ngo bamenyekanishe ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, gutegura ingendo z'amakamyo yo mu gihugu imbere (kuva mu ruganda kugera mu bubiko ku cyambu cyo guhaguruka), no guhuza uburyo bwo kwinjiza no kugenzura imizigo.
3. Guhuza imizigo: Gutanga serivisi za LCL (Umutwaro uri munsi ya Konteyineri) naserivisi zo guhuzakugira ngo bigabanye ikiguzi cyo kohereza ibintu bike.
4. Vugana n'ibigo by'ubwikorezi: Gukurikirana aho gupakira imizigo bigeze, kwemeza aho ibicuruzwa biherereye n'ibigo by'ubwikorezi bitwara imizigo, kubona inyemezabuguzi z'imizigo, no kuzishyikiriza ba nyir'imizigo cyangwa abahagarariye ibicuruzwa ku cyambu cy'aho bijya.
5. Gutanga uburenganzira ku misoro: Gucunga ubucuruzi bw'imisoro aho ibicuruzwa biva n'aho bijya kugira ngo hirindwe gutinda cyangwa ibihano.
6. Ubwishingizi bw'imizigo: Tanga uburyo bwo kwishingira ibicuruzwa byawe kugira ngo birinde ingaruka zo kubitwara.
7. Vugana n'abakozi bo mu gace utuyemo: Huza n'abakozi bo ku cyambu ujyamo, fasha ba nyir'imizigo kwishyura ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo ku cyambu ujyamo, utegure ibyoherezwa mu gihugu imbere (gutwara ibicuruzwa biva ku cyambu bijya aho bijyanwa), kandi ukemure ibibazo byo kohereza ibicuruzwa (urugero: gutinda kw'imizigo, guhindura inyandiko).
Kuki wahitamo kohereza ibicuruzwa aho kubigumisha ku giti cyawe hamwe n'umukozi utwara imizigo?
| Igice | Isosiyete itwara imizigo | Kohereza ibicuruzwa (Isosiyete yo kohereza ibicuruzwa/Isosiyete y'indege) |
| Serivisi zitangwa | Kuva ku iherezo kugeza ku rindi: ububiko bw'ibikoresho, inyandiko, imisoro | Aho ujya ahandi: icyambu/ikibuga cy'indege-ujya-aho/ikibuga cy'indege gusa |
| Guhindura imiterere | Amahitamo menshi n'ibisubizo byabugenewe | Inzira zabo bwite n'ingengabihe yabo gusa |
| Ikoreshwa ry'ibiciro neza | Ibiciro byaganiriweho, serivisi yo guhuza ibikorwa iratangwa | Ibiciro bisanzwe; nta guhuza |
| Gucunga ibyago | Akemura ibibazo bidafite aho bihuriye n'amategeko, ubwishingizi, n'amategeko agenga iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko | Inshingano nke; nta nkunga irenze ubwikorezi |
| Itumanaho | Aho umuntu ahurira n'abandi mu gikorwa cyose | Hakenewe abantu benshi mu byiciro bitandukanye |
Ku bijyanye n'inshingano, amasosiyete yo gutwara ibintu ni "abashinzwe gutwara ibintu" naho abashinzwe gutwara ibintu ni "abahuza serivisi." Abatwara ibintu bahuza amasosiyete yo gutwara ibintu binyuze mu masosiyete yo gutwara ibintu, cyane cyane bahana "amafaranga ya serivisi" kugira ngo "borohereze inzira," mu gihe amasosiyete yo gutwara ibintu ari yo "bushobozi bw'ingenzi bwo gutwara ibintu."
Ni ryari wagakwiye gukorana n'umukozi ushinzwe gutwara imizigo?
1. Wohereza ibicuruzwa buri gihe kandi ukeneye abafatanyabikorwa bahoraho kandi bizewe mu bijyanye n'ibikoresho.
2. Urashaka "kuzigama amafaranga" binyuze muri serivisi yo guhuza cyangwa LCL.
3. Ntushaka gukora ibijyanye no kwishyura ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo ahubwo uhitamo igiciro cyose hamwe no kohereza ibicuruzwa kuri aderesi yawe (umuryango ku wundiserivisi).
4. Kohereza kwawe bisaba uburyo bwihariye bwo kubitunganya (urugero: ibyangombwa byo gufurisha birakenewe ku bicuruzwa by’ibiti bikomeye bitumizwa muri Ositaraliya na Nouvelle-Zélande, cyangwa ibicuruzwa byawe bitumizwa mu mahanga bifite ubushyuhe busabwa).
5. Uha agaciro kugaragara no gutanga amakuru yihuse mu gihe cyose cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa.
Ushobora kuba warumvise ijambo "NVOCC", bisobanura ko imodoka zitwara imizigo zitari iz'ubwato. NVOCC ni sosiyete zitwara imizigo zidatunze amato akoreshwa mu gutwara abantu, ahubwo zikora nk'izitwara imizigo zitanga serivisi zo gutwara imizigo ku bohereza imizigo. NVOCC zitanga fagitire zazo zo gutwara imizigo, zikaba ari amasezerano y'ubwikorezi hagati ya NVOCC n'uyitwara. Zihuza imizigo iva mu bohereza imizigo myinshi mu bwato bumwe, hanyuma ikajyanwa n'amato akoreshwa n'amasosiyete y'ubwikorezi y'abandi.
NVOCC yizewe ifite uburambe n'izina bihagije; ifite impushya zemewe; ifite urubuga rukomeye rw'imizigo, harimo amasosiyete y'ubwikorezi, ibyambu, nibindi; ishobora gutanga ibiciro bisobanutse by'imizigo; kandi itanga serivisi nziza ku bakiliya kugira ngo ikemure ibibazo by'ubwikorezi bw'abakiriya igihe icyo ari cyo cyose; kandi itanga serivisi zitandukanye, harimo ububiko, ikwirakwizwa ry'ibicuruzwa, imisoro ku misoro no ku bwishingizi bw'imizigo kugira ngo ihuze n'ibyo abatumiza ibicuruzwa bakeneye byose.
Mu gihe abatwara imizigo bimura imizigo, abatwara imizigo bimura imiyoboro y'ibicuruzwa. Nk'abatwara imizigo, dukora nk'inyongera y'ikipe yawe—dutanga serivisi z'umwuga kandi nziza mu ngengo y'imari yawe kugira ngo ibicuruzwa byawe bigere ku gihe.
Ibikoresho bya Senghorni ikigo cy’ubwikorezi bw’imizigo gifite serivisi zose, cyihariye mu gutwara imizigo mu kirere, gutwara imizigo mu mazi, gutanga serivisi nziza ku nzu no ku yindi, n’ibindi. Turi kandi ikigo cy’ubwikorezi cya NVOCC gifite amasezerano n’ibigo by’ubwikorezi n’ibigo by’indege, gitanga uburenganzira bwo kubona aho gutwara imizigo n’ibiciro byabyo. Byongeye kandi, dutanga ubufasha bwo gutanga imizigo ku nzu no ku nzu, bikakorohereza umutwaro wawe kandi bikakurinda igihe n’imbaraga.
Witeguye koroshya ubwikorezi bwawe mpuzamahanga?Twandikireuyu munsi kugira ngo ubone igisubizo cy’ibikoresho byihariye gishyira ubucuruzi bwawe imbere.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 17 Nzeri 2025
