Ku bijyanye n'ubwikorezi mpuzamahanga, gusobanukirwa itandukaniro riri hagati ya FCL (Umutwaro wuzuye w'ibicuruzwa) na LCL (Umutwaro muto w'ibicuruzwa) ni ingenzi ku bigo n'abantu ku giti cyabo bashaka kohereza ibicuruzwa. FCL na LCL byombi ni ingenzi.imizigo yo mu maziserivisi zitangwa n'abatwara imizigo kandi ni igice cy'ingenzi cy'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa n'ibicuruzwa. Dore itandukaniro rikomeye riri hagati ya FCL na LCL mu bwikorezi mpuzamahanga:
1. Ingano y'ibicuruzwa:
- FCL: Umutwaro wuzuye w’ibicuruzwa ukoreshwa iyo ingano y’imizigo ihagije kugira ngo yuzuze kontineri yose, cyangwa munsi y’ikontineri yuzuye. Ibi bivuze ko kontineri yose yeguriwe imizigo y’umukozi. Umukozi akodesha kontineri yose kugira ngo itware imizigo ye, yirinda kuvanga n’ibindi bicuruzwa. Ibi bikwiranye cyane cyane n’ibihe aho imizigo myinshi, nko mu nganda zohereza ibicuruzwa byinshi, abacuruzi bagura ibicuruzwa by’inganda ku bwinshi, cyangwa abatumiza ibicuruzwa bagurisha ibicuruzwa ku batanga ibicuruzwa benshi.guhurizwa hamwekohereza.
- LCL: Iyo ingano y'imizigo itujuje konteyineri yose, hakoreshwa LCL (Umutwaro w'Ibikoresho Bito). Muri iki gihe, imizigo y'umucuruzi ihuzwa n'imizigo y'abandi bohereza kugira ngo yuzuze konteyineri yose. Hanyuma imizigo isangira umwanya muri konteyineri kandi igapakururwa igeze ku cyambu cyo kujyamo. Ibi byagenewe ibicuruzwa bito, ubusanzwe biri hagati ya metero kibe 1 na 15 kuri buri konteyineri. Ingero zirimo ibicuruzwa bito biva mu bigo bishya cyangwa abacuruzi bato n'abaciriritse, batumije mu byiciro bitandukanye.
Icyitonderwa:Metero kibe 15 ubusanzwe ni wo murongo ugabanya. Iyo ingano irenze 15 CBM, ishobora koherezwa na FCL, kandi niba ingano iri munsi ya 15 CBM, ishobora koherezwa na LCL. Birumvikana ko niba ushaka gukoresha kontineri yose kugira ngo ushyire ibicuruzwa byawe, ibyo nabyo birashoboka.
2. Imiterere ishoboka:
-FCL: Ikwiriye kohereza ibicuruzwa byinshi, nko mu nganda, abacuruzi banini cyangwa ubucuruzi bw'ibicuruzwa byinshi.
-LCL: Ikwiriye kohereza imizigo mito n'iciriritse, nk'ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse, ubucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka cyangwa ibintu by'umuntu ku giti cye.
3. Uburyo bwo gukoresha amafaranga neza:
- FCL:Nubwo kohereza ibicuruzwa bya FCL bishobora kuba bihenze kurusha LCL, bitewe n’igiciro cya "container yuzuye", imiterere y’amafaranga ntahinduka, ahanini igizwe n’"imizigo y’ibikoresho (ishyuzwa kuri buri kontineri, nk'amadolari agera ku 2,500 kuri kontineri ya 40HQ iva Shenzhen ijya i New York), amafaranga yo gutwara ibintu (THC, ishyuzwa kuri buri kontineri), amafaranga yo gupakira, n’amafaranga yo kwandika." Ayo mafaranga ntaho ahuriye n’ingano cyangwa uburemere bw’imizigo iri muri kontineri (igihe cyose iri mu buremere cyangwa ingano isabwa). Uwohereza ibicuruzwa yishyura kontineri yose, hatitawe ku kuba yuzuye. Kubwibyo, abahereza ibicuruzwa buzuza kontineri zabo uko bishoboka kose bazabona "ikiguzi cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa kuri buri ngano."
- LCL: Ku ngano nto, kohereza LCL akenshi birahendutse kuko abatumiza bishyura gusa umwanya ibicuruzwa byabo biri mu gikoresho gihuriweho.Amafaranga ari munsi y’umutwaro w’ibicuruzwa (LCL) yishyurwa hakurikijwe "ubwinshi bw’ibicuruzwa", hashingiwe ku bwinshi cyangwa uburemere bw’ibicuruzwa (ubwinshi bw’ibicuruzwa" n’ "ubunini nyabwo" bikoreshwa mu kubara, ni ukuvuga "ubwinshi bw’ibicuruzwa bwishyurwa"). Aya mafaranga akubiyemo ahanini igipimo cy’ubwikorezi kuri metero kibe (urugero, hafi $20 kuri CBM kuva ku cyambu cya Shanghai kugera kuriMiamiicyambu), amafaranga ya LCL (ashingiye ku bunini bw'imodoka), amafaranga yo gutwara ibicuruzwa (ashingiye ku bunini bw'imodoka), n'amafaranga yo gutwara ibicuruzwa (atangwa ku cyambu cy'indege kandi ashingiye ku bunini bw'imodoka). Byongeye kandi, LCL ishobora kwishyurwa "igipimo ntarengwa cy'imodoka." Iyo ingano y'imodoka ari nto cyane (urugero, munsi ya metero kibe 1), abatwara imizigo bakunze kwishyuza "1 CBM nibura" kugira ngo birinde ibiciro byiyongereye bitewe n'ibicuruzwa bito.
Icyitonderwa:Mu gihe cyo kwishyuza FCL, igiciro kuri buri gipimo kiba kiri hasi, ibyo bikaba nta gushidikanya. LCL yishyuzwa kuri buri kigero cya metero kibe, kandi ihendutse cyane iyo umubare wa metero kibe ari muto. Ariko rimwe na rimwe iyo ikiguzi rusange cyo kohereza kiri hasi, igiciro cya konteyine gishobora kuba gito kurusha LCL, cyane cyane iyo ibicuruzwa bigiye kuzuza konteyine. Bityo rero, ni ngombwa kugereranya ibiciro by'uburyo bubiri mu gihe uhuye n'iki kibazo.
Reka Senghor Logistics igufashe kugereranya
4. Umutekano n'Ingaruka:
- FCL: Ku bijyanye no kohereza amakonteyineri yuzuye, umukiriya afite ububasha busesuye ku konteyineri yose, kandi ibicuruzwa bishyirwa mu konteyineri aho biturutse. Ibi bigabanya ibyago byo kwangirika cyangwa kwibasirwa mu gihe cyo kohereza kuko konteyineri iguma idafunguye kugeza igeze aho igenewe.
- LCL: Mu kohereza ibicuruzwa muri LCL, ibicuruzwa bihuzwa n'ibindi bicuruzwa, byongera ibyago byo kwangirika cyangwa gutakaza mu gihe cyo gupakira, gupakurura no kohereza ibicuruzwa ahantu hatandukanye mu nzira.Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, gutunga imizigo ya LCL bisaba "gukurikirana amakontenari" hamwe n'abandi bohereza ibicuruzwa. Iyo habayeho ikibazo mu gihe cyo kwemererwa ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo (nk'itandukaniro ry'inyandiko), kontenari yose ishobora gufungirwa na gasutamo ku cyambu cy'aho ijya, bikabuza abandi bohereza ibicuruzwa byabo ku gihe kandi bikanongera "ingaruka mbi ku bafatanya".
5. Igihe cyo kohereza:
- FCL: Kohereza FCL ubusanzwe bigira igihe gito cyo kohereza ugereranije n’uko kohereza LCL. Ibi biterwa nuko kontineri za FCL ziva mu bubiko bw’umucuruzi, zigafatwa zikanashyirwa mu bubiko, hanyuma zigajyanwa mu cyambu ku cyambu cyo guhaguruka kugira ngo zitegereze kohereza, bigakuraho ko imizigo ihuzwa. Mu gihe cyo gupakira, FCL ishyirwa mu bwato, ikabukura mu bwato ikabugeza mu cyambu, bikarinda gutinda guterwa n’indi mizigo. Iyo igeze ku cyambu cyo gupakira, kontineri ya FCL ishobora gupakururwa iva mu bwato ikabugeza mu cyambu, bigatuma umucuruzi cyangwa umukozi uhagarariye kontineri atwara kontineri nyuma yo kurangiza kwishyura gasutamo. Ubu buryo bworoshye bugabanya umubare w’intambwe n’impinduka hagati, bigakuraho ko hakenewe kongerwaho kontineri. Kohereza FCL ubusanzwe byihuta iminsi 3-7 kurusha LCL. Urugero, kuvaShenzhen, Ubushinwa kugera Los Angeles, muri Amerika, kohereza FCL bikunze gufataIminsi 12 kugeza kuri 18.
- LCL:Kohereza ibicuruzwa muri LCL bisaba guhuriza hamwe imizigo n'indi mizigo y'abandi bohereza. Abatwara imizigo cyangwa abatanga ibicuruzwa bagomba kubanza kugeza imizigo yabo mu bubiko bwa LCL bwagenwe n'ushinzwe gutwara imizigo (cyangwa uwinjiza imizigo ashobora gutwara imizigo). Ububiko bugomba gutegereza ko imizigo iturutse ku bohereza benshi ihagera (ubusanzwe bifata iminsi 1-3 cyangwa irenga) mbere yo guhuriza hamwe no gupakira imizigo. Ibibazo byo kwishyura ibicuruzwa muri gasutamo cyangwa gutinda ku byoherezwa mbere yo gupakira kontineri yose bizatinza gupakira kontineri yose. Iyo ihageze, kontineri igomba kujyanwa mu bubiko bwa LCL ku cyambu cyo kujyamo, aho imizigo iturutse kuri buri wohereza imizigo itandukanywa hanyuma uwinjiza imizigo akamenyeshwa gutwara imizigo. Ubu buryo bwo gutandukanya imizigo bushobora gufata iminsi 2-4, kandi ibibazo byo kwishyura ibicuruzwa muri gasutamo ku mizigo y'abandi bohereza imizigo bishobora kugira ingaruka ku ikusanyirizo ry'imizigo muri kontineri. Kubwibyo, kohereza ibicuruzwa muri LCL bishobora gufata igihe kirekire. Urugero, kohereza ibicuruzwa muri LCL kuva Shenzhen kugera i Los Angeles akenshi bifata igihe kinini.Iminsi 15 kugeza kuri 23, hamwe n'ihindagurika rikomeye.
6. Guhindura imiterere no kugenzura:
- FCL: Abakiriya bashobora gutegura uburyo bwo gupakira no gufunga ibicuruzwa ubwabo, kuko kontineri yose ikoreshwa mu gutwara ibicuruzwa.Mu gihe cyo kwemererwa ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo, abatwara ibicuruzwa bagomba gusa gutangaza ibicuruzwa byabo ukwabyo, batiriwe bareba inyandiko z'abandi batwara ibicuruzwa. Ibi byoroshya inzira kandi bikarinda ko kwemererwa ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo kwangizwa n'abandi. Igihe cyose inyandiko zabo (nk'inyandiko y'imizigo, urutonde rw'ibipaki, inyemezabwishyu, n'icyemezo cy'aho bikomoka) zuzuye, kwemererwa ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo akenshi kurangira mu minsi 1-2. Iyo bigeze, abatwara ibicuruzwa bashobora gufata kontineri yose ku cyambu nyuma yo kwemererwa ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo, batiriwe bategereza ko indi mizigo ipakururwa. Ibi birakwiriye cyane cyane mu bihe bisaba ko ibicuruzwa byihuta kandi bigatwarwa buhoro buhoro nyuma yaho (urugero, itsinda ryakwisigaibikoresho byo gupakira biva mu Bushinwa bijya muri Amerika bigeze ku cyambu kandi bigomba guhita bijyanwa mu ruganda kugira ngo byuzuzwe kandi bipakirirwe).
- LCL: Ubusanzwe LCL itangwa n'ibigo bitwara imizigo, bishinzwe guhuza ibicuruzwa by'abakiriya benshi no kubitwara mu gikoresho kimwe.Mu gihe cyo kwemererwa ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo, nubwo buri muntu wese utanga ibicuruzwa bye atangaza ibicuruzwa bye ukwabyo, kubera ko ibicuruzwa biri mu gikoresho kimwe, iyo kwemererwa ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo gutinda (urugero, bitewe n’ikibazo cy’uko ibicuruzwa byaturutse cyangwa ikibazo cyo gushyira mu byiciro), gasutamo ntishobora kurekura ibicuruzwa byose. Nubwo abandi batanga ibicuruzwa barangije kwemererwa ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo, ntibashobora gutwara ibicuruzwa byabo. Mu gihe batwara ibicuruzwa, abatanga ibicuruzwa bagomba gutegereza kugeza igihe icyo gikoresho kigejejwe mu bubiko bwa LCL kandi kigapakururwa mbere yuko batwara ibicuruzwa byabo. Gupakurura ibicuruzwa bisaba kandi gutegereza ko ububiko butegura inzira yo kubipakurura (bishobora kugira ingaruka ku murimo w’ububiko n’uko abandi batanga ibicuruzwa bakomeza). Bitandukanye na FCL, itanga "guhita itora nyuma yo kwemererwa ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo," ibi bigabanya ubworoherane.
Binyuze mu bisobanuro byavuzwe haruguru by'itandukaniro riri hagati yo kohereza FCL na LCL, ese warushijeho gusobanukirwa? Niba ufite ikibazo ku byo kohereza, ndakwinginzegisha inama Senghor Logistics.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-23-2024
