Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y'ibyambu bikuru by'i Burayi n'ibyambu bitanga ibicuruzwa, kandi ni gute wakwemeza ko ibicuruzwa bitangwa ku gihe?
Itandukaniro ry'ingenzi hagatiIburayiibyambu binini n'ibyambu byo kohereza ibicuruzwa muriimizigo yo mu mazibireba uburyo bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa, uburyo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa, ikiguzi, uburyo bwo kubigeza ku gihe, no gutanga serivisi. Gutanga ibicuruzwa ku gihe bisaba gukemura ibibazo byo gutwara ibicuruzwa, kubigeza ku buntu, no kubigeza ku cyambu cya nyuma.
Imyaro minini n'iy'ibigega: Incamake
Ibyambu Bikuru:
1. Ibikoresho bigezweho: Ibyambu binini bifite ibikoresho bigezweho, birimo aho kontineri nini zihagarara, ibikoresho byihariye byo gutwara imizigo, hamwe na sisitemu nziza zo gusohora imizigo. Ibi bikorwa remezo byihutisha gupakira no gupakurura imizigo.
2. Guhuza abantu benshi: Ibyambu binini bikunze kugira amasosiyete menshi yo gutwara imizigo n'inzira zayo, biha abatumiza ibicuruzwa uburyo butandukanye bwo kohereza imizigo. Ubu buryo bwo guhuza ibintu busanzwe butuma habaho gahunda nyinshi zo kohereza imizigo no kugabanya igihe cyo gutwara imizigo. Urugero, icyambu cya Rotterdam gifite inzira zo kohereza imizigo zigana ku byambu birenga 1.000 mu bihugu birenga 100 n'uturere hirya no hino ku isi, kandi amasosiyete akomeye yo gutwara imizigo nka Maersk, MSC, na CMA CGM akorera serivisi zisanzwe zo gutwara imizigo hano. Ibi bivuze ko abatumiza ibicuruzwa bashobora kohereza ibicuruzwa bivuye ku cyambu cy’i Burayi baturutsemo batabinyujije mu bindi bihugu, ibyo bikaba byoroshya cyane inzira yo kohereza imizigo kandi bigabanya igihe cyo kohereza imizigo.
3. Ubukungu bw'urwego: Bitewe n'ubunini bwabyo n'ubwinshi bw'ubucuruzi bwabyo, ibyambu binini bishobora gutanga ibiciro byo gutwara imizigo mu nyanja bihangana. Ubwinshi bw'imizigo butuma amasosiyete y'ubwikorezi arushaho kunoza imikorere, bityo bigatuma amafaranga agabanuka ku batumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga.
4. Serivisi zirambuye: Ibyambu binini bikunze gutanga serivisi zose z’ubwikorezi, harimo kubika ibicuruzwa, gusohora ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo, no gutwara abantu mu gihugu imbere. Iyi serivisi ihita yoroshya uburyo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa ku batumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga.
Imbuga zo koherezamo ibikoresho:
Ibyumba byo koherezamo inyama mu Burayi bivuga ibyambu bitari ibyambu binini, nka Bremen (Ubudage), Valencia (Esipanye), Genoa (Ubutaliyani), na Gdynia (Polonye). Itandukaniro ryabo rikomeye riri mu nzira yo kohereza ibicuruzwa, isaba "inzira itaziguye igana ku cyambu kinini + ihererekanya ry'ibintu". Ibicuruzwa bibanza kugera ku cyambu kinini binyuze mu nzira itaziguye, hanyuma bijyanwa mu mato afasha mu kugaburira ibicuruzwa, gari ya moshi, cyangwa amakamyo kugira ngo bigere ku cyambu gifasha mu kugaburira ibicuruzwa. Ibinyambu bimwe na bimwe bya kure (nk'ibyo mu majyaruguru y'Uburayi n'Iburasirazuba) bishobora gusaba koherezwa ibicuruzwa inshuro nyinshi.
Ibi bituma inzira zigenda muri ibi byambu ziba nke, hishingikirijwe cyane ku miyoboro y’amasosiyete y’ubwikorezi cyangwa serivisi zo gutwara imizigo za LCL. Kuba ahantu hari hadahamye, kandi mu bihe by’ubushyuhe bwinshi, hashobora kuvuka ibintu aho "ahantu ho gutwara imizigo mu buryo butaziguye hadashobora gufatirwa." Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byo ku cyambu mu byambu biri kure birakomeye. Hari ibyambu bito n’ibiciriritse biri kure bifite uburebure buto kandi ntibishobora kwakira amato manini y’amakonteyineri, bigatuma ubushobozi bwo gupakira no gupakurura imizigo buke kandi ubushobozi bwo kwishyura ubwikorezi buke. Politiki ya gasutamo mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe (nk'ibice by'Uburasirazuba n'Amajyepfo y'u Burayi) ihinduka kenshi, kandi igipimo cy’igenzura kiri hejuru kurusha icy’ibyambu bikuru (igipimo cy’igenzura ry’ibyambu biri kure kiri hagati ya 15% na 20%, mu gihe icy’ibyambu bikuru kiri hagati ya 5% na 10%). Umuyoboro wa nyuma wo kohereza imizigo nawo ntabwo ugizwe n’ibyambu bikuru, bishobora gutera ikibazo cyo "gutinda mu gutwara imizigo mu gihugu nyuma yo gutwara ibicuruzwa ku cyambu".
Ariko kandi, bafite ibyiza byabo byihariye:
1. Amasoko y'Ubucuruzi bw'Indashyikirwa: Imbuga zo kohereza ibicuruzwa zisanzwe zikorera inganda cyangwa ubwoko runaka bw'ibicuruzwa, bigatuma ziba nziza ku batumiza ibicuruzwa bafite ibyo bakeneye byihariye byo kohereza ibicuruzwa. Urugero, icyambu cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa gishobora kwibanda ku bikomoka ku buhinzi cyangwa ibicuruzwa byo mu karere.
2. Kugabanuka k'umubyigano: Bitewe n'ubwinshi bw'imizigo, ibyambu bitanga imizigo bishobora kugira umubyigano muto ugereranyije n'ibyambu binini. Ibi bishobora kwihutisha igihe cyo gupakira no gupakurura ibicuruzwa, ariko bishobora gutuma igihe kinini cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa kigera aho bigomba kugera.
3. Ubuhanga mu by'ibanze: Ibyambu bitanga ibicuruzwa bishobora kuba bifite ubumenyi bwimbitse ku bijyanye n'amabwiriza agenga imicungire y'ibintu n'imisoro mu karere, ibi bikaba byagirira akamaro abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bashaka kwaguka bakajya mu masoko yo mu gihugu.
4. Ibiciro byo kwitabwahoNubwo ibyambu bitanga serivisi zo kohereza ibicuruzwa bishobora kudatanga ubukungu bumwe n’ibyambu binini, rimwe na rimwe bishobora gutanga ibiciro bishimishije ku nzira runaka cyangwa ubwoko bw’imizigo, cyane cyane ku gutwara abantu mu karere.
Itandukaniro ry'ingenzi mu gutwara imizigo yo mu nyanja: Isesengura ry'ikigereranyo
| Igice | Ibyambu Bikuru | Imyaro yo kugaburira |
| Ikiguzi cyo gutwara imizigo mu nyanja | Muri rusange ni hasi bitewe n'irushanwa rikomeye ry'abatwara ibicuruzwa n'ubwinshi bw'ibikoresho. | Hejuru. HarimoTHC (Ibirego byo Gukoresha Ibikoresho bya Terminal)ku cyambu kinini ndetse no ku cyambu cyo kongereraho ibikoresho, hamwe n'ahoIgiciro cy'ibiryo byo kugaburira. |
| Igihe cyo gutwara abantu (Inzira yo mu Nyanja) | Ni ngufi ku nzira zitaziguye (urugero, Shanghai ujya Rotterdam). Biteganyijwe. | Muri rusange, igihe cyo mu nyanja kirimo urugendo rw'ingenzi + urwego rw'ibiryo + igihe gishobora gutegereza kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo guhuza ibiryo. |
| Inshuro za serivisi | Hejuru cyane (gutwara ubwato inshuro nyinshi buri cyumweru kuri buri nzira y'ubucuruzi). | Hasi, biterwa n'ingengabihe y'ibiryo ishobora kuba buri cyumweru cyangwa kabiri mu cyumweru. |
| Uburyo bwo kunyuramo n'uburyo bugoye | Isobanutse, yoroshye. | Ifite amaguru menshi: Ubwato Bukuru -> Gutwara ubwato ku cyambu cy'ibanze -> Ubwato butanga ubwato -> Icyambu cya nyuma. Ahandi hantu ho gukoresha ubwato. |
| Ingaruka zo Kubangamira | Ingaruka zo gutwara abantu mu buryo butaziguye zigabanuka, ariko ubucucike bw'imodoka bushobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye (urugero: kugonga icyambu). | Ingaruka nyinshi zo gutindabitewe n'uko amashanyarazi adakora neza, ikirere cyagize ingaruka ku mikorere y'aho amashanyarazi anyura, cyangwa ubucucike bw'aho amashanyarazi anyura. |
| Guhuza imbere mu gihugu | Inzira nziza cyane zo mu bwoko butandukanye (gari ya moshi, umuhanda, ubwato) mu Burayi bwose. | Ni byiza mu karere k'iwanyu; gutwara ubwato mu ntera ndende mu gihugu bishobora kuba birebire cyangwa bihenze cyane. |
| Byiza Kuri | Ibicuruzwa byinshi cyane, ibicuruzwa bihorana igihe, n'imizigo ifite aho ijya mu Burayi mu buryo bworoshye. | Imizigo ifite aho ijya hafi y'icyambu cy'ibigega, bigabanya ikiguzi cyo gutwara amakamyo yo mu gihugu no |
Kwemeza Igihe cyo Gutanga Imizigo: Ibisubizo Bigamije Ibintu Bitandukanye
Byaba ari ugukoresha icyambu kinini cyangwa icyambu cy’ibikoresho, intego nyamukuru yo kugenzura igihe cyo kohereza ni "kunoza inzira zo kohereza, kugabanya ibyago by'ingenzi, no gutegura uburyo bwo guhuza ibicuruzwa mbere y'igihe." By'umwihariko, ibi bishobora kugerwaho binyuze mu buryo bukurikira:
1. Kwemeza igihe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa ku byambu bikuru: Kwibanda ku "gufunga ikirere + kwihutisha gusohora ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo"
Ihindagurika rikomeye mu gihe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa ku byambu binini rituruka ku bucucike bw'ibicuruzwa mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe n'itinda ryo kubikuza ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo. Uburyo bukurikira bushobora gukoreshwa mu gushimangira igihe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa:
Gutegura mbere yo kwinjira kugira ngo ubone amakuru ajyanye n'igihe:Ku byambu bikuru bizwi cyane (nka Rotterdam na Hamburg), mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi (Mata-Gicurasi na Nzeri-Ugushyingo buri mwaka), gutumiza indege bigomba gukorwa nibura iminsi 14 mbere y'uko zitangira. Shyira imbere inzira zigendanwa ziturutse ku bigo by'ubwikorezi. Izi nzira zifite igipimo cyo kuhagera kirenga 90% kandi zihuta cyane mu minsi 2-3 ugereranyije n'inzira zisanzwe zigendanwa.
Kunoza inyandiko n'uburyo bwo kwishyura imisoro ku misoro ya gasutamo:Kugenzura kode za HS zituruka kuri gasutamo z’i Burayi mbere y’igihe. Kugenzura neza kode no gushyira mu byiciro, inyemezabuguzi z’ubucuruzi zikozwe neza, urutonde rw’ibipakiye, n’izindi nyandiko kugira ngo hirindwe itandukaniro (kuvuguruzanya mu nyandiko zo kwemererwa ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo ku cyambu kinini kugeza kuri 40% by’ubukererwe); niba ingano y’imizigo ihamye, gusaba icyemezo cya AEO gituruka kuri gasutamo z’i Burayi bishobora gutanga igenzura ry’ibanze, gutangaza byoroshye, n’izindi nyungu, bikagabanya igihe cyo kwemererwa ibicuruzwa kuva ku minsi 3-5 kugeza ku minsi 1-2;
Kongera uburyo bwo gutanga serivisi nziza mu buryo bwa nyuma:Nyuma yo gufata ibicuruzwa ku cyambu kinini, shyira imbere ibyo gutwara gari ya moshi cyangwa amakamyo - urugero, inzira ya gari ya moshi iva i Rotterdam ijya i Munich, mu Budage, imara iminsi 1-2 gusa, umunsi umwe wihuta kandi ku giciro gito ugereranije n’ingendo zisanzwe zo mu muhanda.
Abacuruzi b'ibicuruzwa bafite uburambe bazagufasha mu gutanga ibisubizo byiza byo gutumiza ibicuruzwa, kubikuza no kubigeza ku bandi, no kunoza gahunda yawe yo kohereza ibicuruzwa.
2. Kwemeza igihe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa kuri Feeder Ports: Kwibanda ku "Guhuza kw'abantu ku giti cyabo + Guhanura ibyago"
Ingingo z'ingenzi zibangamira igihe cyo gutanga ibicuruzwa ku mbuga zitanga serivisi ni ugutinda kohereza ibicuruzwa no kubitanga mu buryo budahwitse. Ibi bigomba gukemurwa hashingiwe ku bintu bitatu: "guhitamo ibisubizo by'ibikoresho, guhuza ibyoherezwa, no kugabanya ibyago":
Guhitamo ibisubizo byo kohereza amafaranga mu buryo bwiza:Shyira imbere "uburyo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu buryo butaziguye uhereye ku cyambu kinini + ubwato butanga ibicuruzwa mu buryo butaziguye" kugira ngo hirindwe kohereza ibicuruzwa kenshi (buri buryo bwo kohereza bushobora kongera igihe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu minsi 3-5). Urugero, ku byoherezwa mu bwato i Valencia, muri Esipanye, banza utekereze ku nzira igana i Hamburg, hanyuma ushyire ibicuruzwa mu bwato butanga ibicuruzwa mu buryo bwa Mediterane. Ubu buryo bwihuta kandi buhamye kuruta "uburyo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu buryo butaziguye i Rotterdam + uburyo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu buryo butaziguye."
Kwemeza kohereza umutungo mbere y'igihe:Mu gihe cyo gutumiza ibicuruzwa, saba abatwara imizigo gutanga gahunda isobanutse yo kwimura ibicuruzwa, bakareba ko iminsi 3-5 y'igihe cyo kwimura ibicuruzwa yemerewe. Hitamo abatwara imizigo bafite ubwikorezi bw'ubufatanye ku cyambu kinini bituma "gutwara no kohereza amakontena vuba mu bwato butanga ibicuruzwa nyuma yo kugera ku bwato butaziguye," bigabanya igihe cyo gutegereza gutwara imizigo.
Kugabanya ingaruka zo kwemererwa kugurisha ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo no kubigeza ku rwego rwa nyuma:gukorana n'abakora ibijyanye no gutwara imizigo by'inzobere, cyane cyane abazi politiki za gasutamo z'ibihugu aho ibyambu biherereye (urugero, bimwe mu bihugu byo mu Burayi bw'Iburasirazuba bifite ibisabwa bikomeye byo kugenzura ibicuruzwa by'ikoranabuhanga n'imyenda), gutegura inyandiko z'inyongera (urugero, ibyemezo by'aho ibicuruzwa bikomoka, raporo z'ibizamini by'ibicuruzwa); abakora ibijyanye no gutwara imizigo bazateganya kohereza ibicuruzwa mu buryo bwa nyuma, bagashyira imbere ibigo by'ubucuruzi byemewe byo mu gihugu, nka Polish Post cyangwa DPD ku bicuruzwa bijya Gdynia, muri Polonye, batanga serivisi zo gutwara imizigo muri Polonye yose n'igihe gihamye cyo kubigeza (iminsi 1-3); niba ibicuruzwa bigomba koherezwa mu mijyi yo mu gihugu hafi y'icyambu, "gutwara ibyambu + gutwara gari ya moshi yo mu gihugu" bishobora guhitamo, ibyo bikaba bidakunze kubaho urujya n'uruza rw'abantu kurusha gutwara imizigo yose (imihanda hafi y'ibyambu bimwe byo mu Burayi ikunze kubaho urujya n'uruza rw'abantu mu gihe cy'ibihe bikomeye).
3. Ingwate Rusange yo Gukoresha Igihe: Ikoreshwa ku byambu binini ndetse no ku byambu bitanga serivisi
Kugabanya ibyoherezwa kugira ngo bibe byangiritse:Ku mubare munini w'imizigo ifite igihe gihagije, shyira 70% by'ibicuruzwa mu nzira zihuta cyane (ibyambu binini) cyangwa amahitamo yo gutwara imizigo ku buryo bworoshye (ibyambu bitanga imizigo), na 30% mu nzira zisanzwe nk'inyongera. Ibi birinda ihungabana ry'imizigo muri rusange bitewe n'itinda ry'inzira imwe.
Gukurikirana imizigo mu gihe nyacyo:Koresha imbuga za interineti z’ibigo by’ubwikorezi kugira ngo ukurikirane uko imizigo ihagaze mu buryo butunguranye. Niba habayeho gutinda mu kohereza imizigo cyangwa ibibazo byo gutwara imizigo, vugana n’ushinzwe kohereza imizigo mbere y’igihe. Ubusanzwe, abakozi ba Senghor Logistics bashinzwe abakiriya bakurikirana ingengabihe y’ubwikorezi n’uko imizigo ihagaze ku bakiriya kandi batange ibitekerezo ku gihe.
Kwirinda ibihe bifite ibyago byinshi:Ibibanza bimwe na bimwe byo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu Burayi (nk'ibikikije inyanja ya Mediterane n'inyanja yirabura) bishobora guhagarara bitewe n'ikirere kibi mu gihe cy'itumba (Ukuboza kugeza Gashyantare). Tegura igihe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa mbere y'igihe, ureke igihe cy'iminsi 10 kugeza kuri 15 cyo kugabanya ibiro. Mu bihe by'ubushyuhe ku byambu binini (nk'igihe cya Noheli cyo kubika ibicuruzwa), irinde ibihe by'ibikorwa byinshi byo kohereza ibicuruzwa ku byambu (imyigaragambyo y'ibyambu by'i Burayi ikunze kuba muri Nzeri-Ukwakira). Muri rusange, Senghor Logistics izakurikirana amakuru y'ibyambu n'imyigaragambyo kandi imenyeshe abakiriya mbere y'igihe ibishobora gutinda kandi igire inama abakiriya yo kohereza ibicuruzwa hakiri kare.
Senghor Logistics ifite uburambe bw'imyaka 13 mu gutwara ibintu mpuzamahanga, yibanda ku gutwara ibintu mpuzamahanga no gutwara ibintuinzu ku yindiserivisi mu Burayi na Amerika. Dukorana n'ibigo by'ubwikorezi, tugatanga ibiciro by'imizigo byakoreshejwe kandi tugatanga ibisubizo byihariye kugira ngo inzira yo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga igende neza ku bakiriya bacu. Turi kandi umunyamuryango wa WCA kandi tumaze imyaka myinshi dukorana n'abakozi bo mu gace dutuyemo, bigatuma itumanaho rirushaho kunoza no gukemura ibibazo ku bakiriya bacu.IbibazoMurakaza neza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-25-2025
